What is the best structural steel?

Structural steel is a very common construction material used in many everyday applications, particularly in infrastructure and building. With a wide variety of shapes and material compositions, structural steel caters to countless use scenarios.

Structural steel is primarily used in the construction industry, where it is used for beams and frames for bridges or large structures such as buildings. Structural steel is cost-effective and recyclable, allowing for production at scale and long-term sustainable construction. 

If you are venturing into the steel industry or are looking for a structural steel fabrication company, you’ll find everything you need to know about structural steel in this article. 

You’ll learn the common types of structural steel, their applications, pros and cons of stainless steel, common grades and compositions of steel used for structural applications. 

Let’s get started!

What Is Structural Steel?

Structural steel refers to steel products that are used primarily in the construction industry. Structural steel is fabricated in many different shapes, including beams, plates and channels. Steel of various compositions is used in fabricating structural steel. 

Structural steel is arguably one of the most important construction materials due to its strength, versatility, sustainability, availability, and relatively low cost. The ductility of structural steel allows for the creation of various predetermined and customised shapes to satisfy particular construction requirements. That’s why structural steel is one of the key applications of steel fabrication. 

Structural steel conforms to specific standards set forth and regulated by varying entities and government agencies across different countries. In Australia, the steel industry conforms to these through the Australian Standards and Codes of Practice. Among these standards for steel are AS 4100 (for structural steel design) and AS/NZS 4600 (for the design of cold-formed steel structures), among others. 

These standards are fine-tuned to ensure mechanical properties, chemical compositions, methods of manufacture, quality control provisions, and tolerances of structural steel. In summary, Australia’s steel and steelwork frameworks require conformity to design, material, and execution standards to ensure the safety and reliability of construction projects built with structural steel.

What Are the Advantages & Disadvantages of Structural Steel?

The many advantages of structural steel, such as its high strength and low cost, are why it’s so commonly used in the construction industry. While there are some drawbacks, such as its susceptibility to corrosion, the many advantages often outweigh those few drawbacks. 

Below are the main benefits and drawbacks of structural steel. 

Pros of Structural Steel

The benefits of structural steel include:

• Strength – Although structural steel is known to have considerable strength, it can be further improved by adding various alloys to its composition. The manufacturing process, mechanical working, and heat treatment of steel will also affect its strength. But the most important factor affecting this is its strength-to-weight ratio, which means it is significantly strong for much less weight.

• Cost-effectivity – The past decades have seen advancements in steel production, making it progressively cheaper and faster to produce. The time it takes to produce a tonne of steel nowadays is significantly lower, leading to lower costs.

• Aesthetic Versatility – Owing to the versatility of steel, designers and architects have more freedom of artistic expression through the shapes of structural steel components without compromising strength or functional properties.

• Sustainability – Steel is widely recycled in the construction industry. It is 100% recyclable with minimal degradation to the properties that make it a preferred construction component. Over 90% of structural steel is recycled, making steel the world’s most sustainable building material. Very minimal processing is required for its recycling, and the carbon footprint has continually been reduced, especially in the last decade.

• Fire Resistance – Steel is, by default, a non-combustible material but loses a significant amount of its structural integrity when heated sufficiently. ‘Critical Temperature’ is the term used to indicate steel’s ability to support a load under a specific temperature. 

• Resistance to the Elements – Steel is also particularly resistant to the elements, such as mould or mildew, which could affect the integrity of other materials. Although corrosion remains a weakness of steel, there are preventive measures that can be taken, such as sprays and protective paints, albeit at a cost.

Cons of Structural Steel

The downsides of structural steel include:

• Susceptibility to Corrosion- Steel is not a material chosen for its corrosion resistance since it contains iron, which is very susceptible to corrosion, more commonly known as rust. When formed, rust will consume steel and flake off to expose underlying material until the steel is fully consumed. Although preventive measures may be taken against corrosion, these do add to the cost. 

• Decrease in Strength in High Temperatures – Despite steel’s resistance to fire, temperatures that are high enough will slowly reduce its integrity. As such, steel of appropriate material composition should be used for construction. 

• Buckling – When under compression, steel is subjected to what is referred to as buckling. It is what happens when force presses into a slender structure and causes it to collapse. This means consideration during the design phase is essential to gauge the force structural steel will be subjected to. 

• Fatigue – This refers to the repeated cycles of strain/stress onto structural steel. This eventually breaks the steel and leads to the fracturing of the material. Metal fatigue in structural steel should also be considered during design and engineering. 

What Are the Most Common Types of Structural Steel?

The most common types of structural steel are beams, tee sections, flanges, plates and channels, among others. Learn more about these components below. 

Universal Beams 

Universal beams, also known as I-Beams, H-Beams, or Rolled Steel Joist (RSI), are generally used to serve as building blocks within steel frameworks, ensuring the structural integrity of the project due to their ability to support heavy loads. 

Universal beams come in different sizes and may be cut for specific construction requirements. Although they are often confused with universal columns, they have distinct differences and uses. Columns have almost equal width and depth, while beams have much more depth than width.

In turn, the dimensions of universal beams make them efficient at carrying shear and bending loads in the plane of the web due to the beams’ flanges, which resist parallel loads much more reliably than other structural alternatives.

Tee Sections

Tee sections, also called ‘T-sections,’ are load-bearing structural steel components. In some industries, they are also called ‘T-beams’ or ‘T-bars.’ They are made through specific manufacturing processes: hot rolling, hot extrusion, and plate welding. 

This type of steel section offers much more resistance than a flat steel bar if it is at least 4 metres long. Using tee sections also reduces the need for rebars and saves as much as 9% to 20% of required reinforcement compared to flat steel bars. 

They are also used aesthetically in modern architecture with many applications, such as bumper bars, edge protection, or even wooden furniture, as a visual accent.

Tapered Flange Beams 

These are similar in shape to universal beams, with the primary difference being the tapered flanges. The beam’s vertical section is referred to as a ‘web’, and the outer horizontal portions are ‘flanges’. 

Tapered flange beams are manufactured in a variety of sizes. They are used in a range of commercial and residential constructions, engineering, civil and bridge constructions, mining infrastructure, and rail car & machine building.

Parallel Flange Channels  

Parallel Flange Channels are also referred to as PFC or C-sections (due to their shape). They are suitable for many structural applications and engineering and boast many properties, such as increased strength and durability. 

They are generally used as support for floor joists since they are suitable for load-bearing applications.

Angled Beams 

Angled beams are steel beams shaped as an ‘L’ and come in several measurements. For this type of structural steel section, two steel legs are joined at a 90-degree angle. The legs can either be equal or unequal in length.

Because of their reduced structural depth, these angled beams are often used for floor systems due to their enhanced strength-to-weight ratio. They are often used for residential structures, transportation applications, and infrastructure.

Plates 

Plates are considered by many to be one of the most versatile structural steels. These can be cut and processed into a number of shapes and sizes based on the specific application. 

This further processing is a requirement since plates cannot stand independently and are usually attached to another section of structural steel. They are also sometimes attached to other steel parts to serve as reinforcing components.

The most common type of steel plates are referred to as base plates and are used in circumstances where the foundation is uneven, shallow, and difficult to work with. Base plates are usually applied to columns to allow for a better load distribution towards the soil beneath. 

Doing so ensures that the underlying foundation’s bearing capacity is not surpassed. Base plates are also classified into different types, the two most common ones being slab bases and gusseted bases.

Channels 

These are visually similar to steel beams due to the presence of webs flanked with flanges. However, the key difference is that the webs are oriented onto the side. In contrast, the flanges are oriented perpendicular to the web. 

This kind of design allows them to be well-suited for bridges, similar structures, and some marine applications.

Channels come in different lengths and may be manufactured up to 60 feet in length. However, the standard sizing falls between 20 to 40 feet. These structural steel sections cannot be used in the same way as beams since they do not have a flat side all around; their only flat surface is used to have them bolted onto other flat surfaces.

Bearing Piles 

Bearing piles are utilised when construction workers or engineers cannot find or create a solid foundation at the work site. These structural steel sections create deeper foundation systems that are much more stable and structurally sound.

These H-shaped steel components are designed to ensure an effective transfer of load through the pile to its tip. Known to be durable and efficient, they are able to bear more than 1,000 tonnes of weight and work best in densely packed soil (since this type of soil offers more resistance to the tip). 

The most common types of bearing piles are H-Piles, Pipe-Piles, Disc Piles, and Screw Piles.

Angled Sections

For some, steel angles are the bread and butter of steel fabrication as they are the most basic type of roll-formed steel. They are designed using a flat steel section and bending it (usually at a 90-degree angle), with both legs resulting in the same size. 

These are often found in framing, brackets, or reinforcements across different industries. They may be cut to size, which gives them enormous versatility.

Steel-angled sections come in two primary types – Equal Angle and Unequal Angle. The former has two axes which measure up to the same lengths. The latter is also right-angled but contains different-sized axes. You will usually see angled sections in residential structures, mining, infrastructure, and transport/logistics construction.

Square & Rectangular Hollow Structural Sections

Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) are steel profiles/ sections with a hollow portion that can be fabricated into several shapes – square, rectangular, elliptical, and circular. The profiles of these steel components are a little rounded, and their radiuses are almost twice the value of their thickness. 

They are commonly used with welded steel frames for constructing structures that carry loads in different directions.

Different forms of HSS offer distinct advantages and intended applications. But they are generally best for multi-axis load-bearing applications, and the creation of columns and posts, among others.

What Are the Applications of Structural Steel?

The most common applications of structural steel are in the construction industry, but it also plays a role in transport. 

Let’s explore the applications of structural steel in more detail:

• Construction: It is used to make the channels, plates and support beams found in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings such as homes, hospitals, stadiums, and bridges. Structural steel is also used to construct industrial spaces such as warehouses, bridges, factories, and buildings. These require structural steel to form steel frames, columns, bars, plates, and girders, among others. 

• Mining: In the mining industry, structural steel components are used for a variety of mine site infrastructure needs. This includes the mines’ structural elements, such as mining screens, the fluidised bed builders, and even the buildings, such as workshops and offices. 

• Energy: The energy industry uses structural steel in producing wind, electric, and nuclear power, and natural gas. Transmission towers, wind turbines, pipelines, oil and gas wells all use structural steel components.  

What Type of Steel Is Structural Steel Made Of? 

Generally, structural steel is a carbon steel, meaning its chemical composition contains iron and carbon. Structural steel is any steel with a carbon content that reaches up to 2.1% of its weight. The carbon content of steel is directly proportional to its yield strength.

However there are different types of steel that can be used for structural steel fabrication. 

Carbon Steel

All structural steels are considered carbon steel if no other alloying elements are present, the copper content of the steel does not exceed 0.4% to 0.6%, its manganese content is equal to or under 1.6%, and its silicone content does not exceed 0.6%.

High Strength Low Alloy Steel

This type of steel is meant to optimise its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. These kinds of steel have manganese content which reaches up to 2%. Depending on the intended application, this type of steel may have trace amounts of other elements such as chromium, molybdenum, nickel, nitrogen, niobium, vanadium, and titanium to alter its properties.

Forged Steel

Forging refers to the process of shaping metal (in this case, steel) while it is in a solid state. The process produces a uniform grain structure to the steel, consequently improving its integrity due to removing voids and gas bubbles. Forged steel is any steel that undergoes this process.

Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel

Quenching and tempering are processes which improve structural steel through the use of heat while also simultaneously cooling it in water, forced air, nitrogen, or oil. The result is a stronger, higher-strength structural steel that is much less brittle.

What Are Structural Steel Grades?

Structural steel grades are used to indicate the characteristics of the steel and distinguish it from others based on its properties. There are currently thousands of steel grades, each with specific chemical, physical, and environmental properties.

Structural steels that are widely used are categorised into steel grades by different national and international standards organisations. The standards serve as a foundation from which engineers can use as a guide when using structural steel. 

An example of steel grade would be Grade 250, which refers to a medium-strength structural steel plate usually meant for high-rise structures, bridges, and general fabrication. Although properties are standardised, Grade 250 structural steel can come in a range of thicknesses, from 3mm to 300mm.

Some more examples would be Grade 350, which is generally stronger, Grade 1045, which is designed with the intent of being used for high heat applications with a lot of moving parts (e.g., gears), and Grade 500, which is typically used in mining equipment for its toughness and lead bearing.

How Is Structural Steel Fabricated?

Fabricating structural steel involves several processes to form a steel section, starting at the ideation and planning phase and quickly moving onto fabrication, which involves cutting and shaping the steel. From there, the steel is engraved, finished and coated as necessary, and is ready to be delivered. 

The structural steel fabrication process undergoes five stages, namely (1) ideation, blueprint and shop drawings, (2) cutting, bending, and drilling, (3) engraving and assembly (including steel welding), (4) shipping preparation and component finishing, and (5) site delivery and erection. The actual fabrication does not begin until the second stage, where a majority of the physical processes are involved.

Due to structural steel’s properties, it is easy to fabricate into many sizes and shapes. Its cost-effective nature compared to other metals, such as copper, makes it the preferred metal for fabrication. Structural steel remains one of the most suitable materials for fabrication with an equally reliable ROI.

Structural Steel FAQs

What Is the Most Common Structural Steel?

Carbon steel is the most commonly used structural steel in the market today, largely due to its many beneficial properties, such as its affordability and strength. Carbon steel is more common than high strength low alloy steel, which is also frequently used due to its versatility.

Is Rebar Structural Steel?

Rebar (or reinforcing bar), also referred to as reinforcing steel, differs from structural steel. Rebar is used to reinforce or support concrete and masonry, while structural steel serves as the frame of a structure, for example. 

How Strong Is Structural Steel?

Structural steel is considered to be similar in strength to reinforced concrete. Its tensile strength sits in the range of 400 to 500 MegaPascals (MPa). This value determines how much pressure it takes before structural steel reaches a point of material failure.

What Is the Difference Between Reinforcement Steel and Structural Steel?

Reinforcement steel, or rebar, is used with concrete and masonry solely for support. Alternatively, structural steel is used by itself and serves as the frame of structures. Unlike reinforcement steel, structural steel must conform to higher standards and regulations, and comes in more sizes.

What Is the Strongest Beam Shape?

The I-beam is considered the strongest beam shape for structural steel. These are intended to resist bending and are capable of bearing heavy loads. Vertical strips of metal across the flanges place the greatest depth of material on the plane of stress, preventing twisting.

How Does Carbon Content Effect Steel?

Carbon content is directly proportional to the strength of steel. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel is. But this also makes the steel more brittle, which reduces its weldability. The right mixture of steel and carbon is much better than just increasing carbon content to harden the steel.

Is Steel Stronger Than Concrete?

Yes, generally speaking, steel is much stronger than concrete. Although reinforced concrete (with rebar/reinforcement steel) is on par with structural steel, concrete alone is not. Concrete has a tensile strength of just 70MPa, while structural steel sits at 400 to 500MPa.

Disclaimer:

This article is published in good faith and for general informational purposes only. Kanyana Engineering does not make any warranties about the ongoing completeness and reliability of this information. Always seek specific advice on your metal fabrication project to ensure all variables are considered. 

Graham Dawe is the Managing Director and Works Manager of Kanyana Engineering. With decades of experience in the metal fabrication industry, he is dedicated to keeping Kanyana at the forefront of the sector’s technological growth. Looking beyond the process itself to holistic, integrated CAD, CAM and MRP solutions, Graham believes Australian manufacturing has an enduring place on the global stage. In Kanyana Engineering’s state-of-the-art workshop in Mandurah, WA, Graham delivers an exceptional standard of work for commercial, industrial and government clients alike.

Structural steel is one of the most widely used materials in commercial and industrial construction. How come?

With high strength, good machinability, and high ductility, structural steel plate is a safe and cost-effective building material that serves as the backbone of structural steel buildings. This article examines what makes structural steel such an advantageous building material, the different types of structural steel, and the different types of metal grades and their corresponding properties.

What is structural steel?

Structural steel is a versatile type of carbon steel. By weight, structural steel has a carbon content up to 2.1%. American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM International, sets standards for composition and dimensional tolerances for all structural steel grades.

Contact Our Qualified Team Now

If you’d like to speak to qualified experts who care about your structural steel buildings project, contact us now. Kloeckner Metals combines a national footprint with the latest fabrication and processing technologies and most innovative customer service solutions.

When weight savings and durability are both key construction factors, steel plates will likely be used. In addition to structural steel plates, structural steel comes in a variety of shapes making it adaptable for diverse projects.

Structural Steel Beams

Structural steel beams are the basis for thousands of residential and commercial constructions, vehicle bed framing, bridges, and machine bases. The universal, or I-beam has a top and bottom, called flanges (sometimes, legs). Often these flanges taper. The middle section of the beam is called the web. The web is built to resist blunt force, while flanges resist bending. 

H-beams

The H-beam is heavier than the universal I-beam, with greater force tolerance. Their edges do not taper.

T-beams

T-beams have a T-shape, like the universal beam but without a bottom flange. Lacking a flange makes the T-beam less versatile, due to lower tensile strength. Therefore, they are more often used in reinforcement.

Structural Steel Channels

Channels are designed like I-beams, where the flanges are split vertically down the web. This creates one flat face with parallel flanges. The flat faces allow channels to be bolted up to other flat faces.

C-channels

C-channels have a slight slope on the inner flange surface. They are not typically applied as primary load bearing beams. Rather, they provide a great amount of structural support, most useful as frames and for bracing.

Bearing Piles

Bearing piles are similar to I-beams in that they have the same shape. However, bearing piles have uniform thickness across all sections. They are primarily used to support vertical loads.

H-piles

H-piles are often placed in the ground to provide deep foundation support for superstructures.

Structural Steel Angles

Structural steel angles have various applications, ranging from everyday uses—in chairs, and bed frames—to warehouses and power towers. A steel angle is a steel bar that has an L-shaped cross section, forming a 90 degree angle.

L-shapes

L-shapes may have leg lengths that are equal or unequal. Both are great for reinforcement.

Hollow Structural Section

Hollow structural section (HSS) refers to high-strength welded steel tubing.  They are produced in round, square and rectangular shapes and support multidirectional load bearing. As the name suggests, regardless of shape, the mid-sections are hollow.

Attributes of structural steel important to structural steel buildings

Significant to all structures is their potential to absorb energy. There are three important mechanical properties that support structural steel’s wide-ranging functionality:

Yield strength

Yield strength refers to the minimum force required to achieve permanent deformation. Yield strength is determined with a tensile test, at the first point of deviation from proportionality on a stress-strain curve. Load-bearing steel should have a yield strength greater than 35,000 psi. Steel framing and non-load bearing material has a minimum yield strength requirement of 33,000 psi.

Tensile strength

Tensile strength is known as the ultimate, or maximum stress that a material can withstand before permanent failure. If yield strength is the first point at which a material permanently bends, tensile strength denotes the point at which the material breaks. Tensile strengths have dimensions of force per unit area, commonly expressed in units of pounds per square inch (psi). 36,000–50,000 psi is considered ordinary tensile strength for structural steel, but can reach up to 58,000–70,000 psi.

Elongation

Elongation is the degree of elasticity before rupture. The greater a material’s tensile strength, the less it will elongate under stress. Whether a material is bent, stretched, or compressed, elongation will be a point between tensile strength and yield strength and is expressed as a percentage of its original length. There is no elongation requirement for non-structural steel.

An Advantageous Building Material

Structural steel buildings require certain constructibility considerations. Are materials durable? Sustainable? What will happen to the material under impact caused by extreme weather conditions? How cost-effective and easy to work with is the building material?

Structural steel satisfies all of these use assessments.

High Strength to Weight Ratio

Because a strength to weight ratio indicates how useful the material is for its weight, use assessments for construction tend to prioritize high strength to weight ratio. Structural steel is not just strong, but it is relatively light weight. It is known for its ratio of high strength to low weight, making it easier to use and cheaper than other metals.

Good Machinability

Another advantage of structural steel is good machinability. A free machining material requires minimum power to cut, can be cut quickly, easily obtain a good finish, and does not wear down the tooling. Again, this benefits project ease across economical concerns—saving time with minimal risk for tool damage and repair.

Ductility

An especially relevant consideration for building construction is ductility. Ductility describes the ability of a material to be drawn or deformed without fracture. In earthquake engineering, ductility is the term used to identify how well a building withstands displacements imposed by ground shaking. So, if you want a building to be earthquake ready, you want a material that has a properly detailed steel frame with a degree of elasticity that will enable it to tolerate large deformations before the onset of failure (fracturing). As we consider structural steel grades, keep in mind that an increase in carbon will increase the strength but decrease the ductility.

100% Recyclable

Did you know that steel is the most recycled material in the world? This is another distinct advantage of steel. Steel is continuously recyclable, which means it can be recycled indefinitely without compromising quality.

Cost-effective

Structural steel brings greater value to a project by having lower initial costs and fewer risks than other building materials. Its ease of use, versatility, and strength to weight ratio all mean lower costs, which has a big bearing on the overall cost of construction.

What is a Charpy test and why is it important

The Charpy impact test calculates the amount of energy that can be absorbed by a specific material, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers and is used to grade its deterioration. It is a widespread evaluative test indicating the relative toughness and quality of a material. The Charpy or pendulum impact test continues to be used as an economical quality control method and helps to determine whether a material is suitable for a given project.

This test consists of striking a notched sample specimen with a hammer on a pendulum arm. The specimen is held securely at each end while the hammer strikes opposite the notch. Measuring the decrease in motion of the pendulum arm indicates the energy absorbed. It’s important to note that the toughness of a material may vary based on impact under low-temperature conditions, and additional stress concentrators such as notches and cracks.

What are the types of structural steel that go into structural steel buildings?

A36 is a widely preferred and versatile low-carbon low-cost steel known for its yield strength (36,000 psi) and excellent machinability. A36 can elongate to about 20% of its original length, and is commonly used for columns, beams, decking and finish elements. While it has decent ductility, A36 steel is not used for reinforcement.

A572 is a high-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA) steel plate. This weldable, low-alloy structural steel has similar yield and tensile strength to A36 steel, but is better suited for applications that require higher strength per weight ratio. Without sacrificing strength, A572 is lighter than the equivalent made with carbon steel, making it a great material for transmission towers, roller coasters, and bridges.

A588 steel has a yield and tensile strength greater than 46,000 psi, higher than both A36 and A572. With similar elongation, A588 differentiates in its superior atmospheric corrosion resistance, leading to a longer life cycle. Therefore, A588 meets the specific needs of industries requiring outdoor solutions.

A514

A514 is a quenched and tempered alloy steel with a yield strength of 100,000 psi and an elongation between 16-18%. A514 is a high-performance structural steel, providing good weldability, and toughness at low atmospheric temperatures. Primarily, A514 is used to support heavy loads, in cranes and other high wear machine applications.

What is the breakdown of structural steel in structural steel buildings?

Approximately 25% of buildings are made up of structural steels. This can take the form of steel frames, beams, columns, bars, and plates. Now you know why!

Contact Our Qualified Team Now

If you’d like to speak to qualified experts who care about your structural steel buildings project, contact us now. Kloeckner Metals combines a national footprint with the latest fabrication and processing technologies and most innovative customer service solutions.